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Certain information and footnote disclosure typically prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 included in the final prospectus for the IPO filed with the SEC on May 8, 2019. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company&#8217;s interim financial statements presented. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year or any subsequent period.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary Trevi Therapeutics Limited. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">All amounts presented are in thousands of dollars, except share and per share amounts, unless noted otherwise. The Company has evaluated events occurring subsequent to March&#160;31, 2019 for potential recognition or disclosure in the condensed consolidated financial statements and concluded there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure other than those provided.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Use of Estimates</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include, but are not limited to the recognition of research and development expenses and the valuation of redeemable convertible preferred stock, common stock and stock-based awards. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Unaudited Interim Financial Information</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The accompanying interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March&#160;31, 2019 and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders&#8217; Deficit and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 are unaudited. The unaudited interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual Consolidated Financial Statements and, in the Company&#8217;s opinion, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statements of its financial position as of March&#160;31, 2019 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018. The consolidated financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 are unaudited. The results for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December&#160;31, 2019, any other interim period, or any future year or period.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Fair Value Measurements</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The Company&#8217;s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, income tax receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, term loan payable, Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock liability and obligation for loan success fee. Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, income tax receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short term nature of those instruments. The fair value of the obligation for loan success fee is estimated utilizing a probability-weighted income approach, including variables for the timing of the success event and other probability estimates. 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The valuation techniques included in the guidance are based on observable and unobservable inputs. 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text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;">Level&#160;2&#8212;Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities&#8212;such as quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; 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After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders&#8217; equity (deficit) as a reduction of additional&#160;paid-in&#160;capital generated as a result of the offering. Should the planned equity financing no longer be considered probable of being consummated, the deferred offering costs will be expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred offering costs capitalized as of March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) and December&#160;31, 2018 were $1,885 and $1,534, respectively.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) per Common Share</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">Basic and diluted net loss per common share outstanding is determined by dividing net loss, as adjusted for accretion and accrued dividends on redeemable convertible preferred stock, by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. For all periods presented, outstanding shares of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock (&#8220;Series A Preferred Stock&#8221;), shares of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock (&#8220;Series B Preferred Stock&#8221;), shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock (&#8220;Series C Preferred Stock&#8221;) and shares issuable upon exercise of stock options have been excluded from the calculation because their effects would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average common shares used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share are the same.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:94.3438px; text-indent:0%"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements</div></div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (&#8220;FASB&#8221;) issued ASU&#160;No.&#160;2016-02&#160;titled&#160;<div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Leases</div>&#160;(&#8220;ASU&#160;2016-02&#8221;),&#160;which requires rights and obligations arising from both operating and capital leases to be reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and to disclose quantitative and qualitative information about lease transactions (such as information about variable lease payments and options to renew and terminate leases). ASU&#160;2016-02&#160;is effective for fiscal years beginning after December&#160;15, 2018, with early adoption permitted.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">The Company adopted this new guidance as of January&#160;1, 2019, which included an assessment of the impact of the new guidance on the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company utilized the transition practical expedient added by the FASB, which eliminated the requirement that entities apply the new lease standard to the comparative periods presented in the year of adoption. The Company elected to use the package of practical expedients that allowed the Company to not reassess: (1)&#160;whether any expired or existing contracts were or contained leases, (2)&#160;lease classification for any expired or existing leases and (3)&#160;initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases. The Company additionally used the practical expedient that allows lessees to treat the lease and&#160;non-lease&#160;components of leases as a single lease component. The adoption of this standard resulted in the recognition of a&#160;right-of-use&#160;asset of approximately $379 and related lease liabilities of approximately $424 related to the Company&#8217;s operating lease commitments on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of January&#160;1, 2019&#160;<div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">(Note 4).&#160;</div>The impact of adoption of the new leasing standard did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited).</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">There have been no new accounting pronouncements during the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019, as compared to the recent accounting pronouncements described in Note 2 to the Company&#8217;s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 included in the final prospectus for the IPO, which could be expected to materially impact the Company&#8217;s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.</div><table border="0" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td></td></tr></table> <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Basis of Presentation</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 included herein, have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (&#8220;GAAP&#8221;) for interim financial information and to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;) for interim information. Certain information and footnote disclosure typically prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 included in the final prospectus for the IPO filed with the SEC on May 8, 2019. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company&#8217;s interim financial statements presented. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year or any subsequent period.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary Trevi Therapeutics Limited. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">All amounts presented are in thousands of dollars, except share and per share amounts, unless noted otherwise. The Company has evaluated events occurring subsequent to March&#160;31, 2019 for potential recognition or disclosure in the condensed consolidated financial statements and concluded there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure other than those provided.</div><table border="0" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td></td></tr></table> <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Use of Estimates</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include, but are not limited to the recognition of research and development expenses and the valuation of redeemable convertible preferred stock, common stock and stock-based awards. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates.</div><table border="0" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td></td></tr></table> <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Unaudited Interim Financial Information</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The accompanying interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March&#160;31, 2019 and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders&#8217; Deficit and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 are unaudited. The unaudited interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual Consolidated Financial Statements and, in the Company&#8217;s opinion, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statements of its financial position as of March&#160;31, 2019 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018. The consolidated financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 are unaudited. The results for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December&#160;31, 2019, any other interim period, or any future year or period.</div><table border="0" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td></td></tr></table> <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Fair Value Measurements</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The Company&#8217;s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, income tax receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, term loan payable, Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock liability and obligation for loan success fee. Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, income tax receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short term nature of those instruments. The fair value of the obligation for loan success fee is estimated utilizing a probability-weighted income approach, including variables for the timing of the success event and other probability estimates. 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text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 94.3438px; text-indent: 0%; font-size: 10pt;">Level&#160;2&#8212;Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities&#8212;such as quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; 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The leased space is approximately 5,600 square feet and has a term of 60 months. The lease requires monthly lease payments ranging from approximately $10 to $11 through February&#160;1, 2023 and provides for two designated months of free rent. 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The Exit Event included, among other things, the completion of a public offering of common stock. The amount of the Success Fee was equal to 4.5% of the $15.0&#160;million Term Loan funded. The Success Fee Agreement was scheduled to terminate on the earlier to occur of (a)&#160;payment in full of the Success Fee pursuant to its terms, or (b)&#160;December&#160;29, 2021. The completion of the IPO on May&#160;9, 2019 (see Note 1) triggered the Success Fee payment obligation and the Company made payments to its Lenders totaling $675 in May 2019. 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In the event the Milestone Events were not achieved, TPG had the right to purchase the Series A Milestone Shares, in full or in part, under the same terms and conditions as the Series A Initial Closing, including the $1.00 per share purchase price, on or before June&#160;30, 2014.</div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">In addition, TPG had the right to purchase, under the same terms and conditions as the Series A Initial Closing, including the $1.00 per share purchase price, the lesser of 2,500,000 additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock (the &#8220;Additional Series A Preferred Shares&#8221;) and the number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock equal to 25% of the total number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock it previously purchased for cash under the Series A Purchase Agreement. This additional right was exercisable until the date six months after the completion date of the Company&#8217;s Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of nalbuphine ER in patients with uremic pruritus.</div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">On December&#160;26, 2013, TPG purchased under a Series A Extension Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (the &#8220;Series A Extension Purchase Agreement&#8221;) 6,500,000 additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock at $1.00 per share, which consisted of the Series A Milestone Shares and the Additional Series A Preferred Shares discussed above, resulting in proceeds, net of $39 in issuance costs, of $6.5&#160;million. This agreement also provided that the Company could sell up to 2,000,000 additional shares at $1.00 per share to existing stockholders deemed accredited investors within 45 days of the December&#160;26, 2013 closing.</div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">In January&#160;2014, the Company issued 1,680,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to eight of the Series A Investors at $1.00 per share, as provided for as Additional Closings under the Series A Extension Purchase Agreement, resulting in proceeds, net of $7 in issuance costs, of $1.7&#160;million. The Company recorded this issuance at its fair value of $1.08 per share, totaling $1.8&#160;million before financing costs, resulting in a discount on this issuance in the amount of $134, which amount is being amortized out of the carrying value of Series A Preferred Stock over the expected redemption period, which is three years from July&#160;14, 2017, the date of the First Tranche Closing of the Series C Preferred Stock Financing (each such term as defined below), or July&#160;14, 2020 (the &#8220;Redemption Period&#8221;). Such amortization totaled $1 for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited), respectively.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">Holders of Series C Preferred Stock receive a higher liquidation preference than the holders of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock.&#160;<div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">(See Liquidation Preferences note below)</div></div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:94.3438px; text-indent:0%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Issuance of Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock</div></div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">On May&#160;23, 2014, the Company entered into the Series B Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (the &#8220;Series B Purchase Agreement&#8221;) with TPG. Pursuant to the Series B Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 13,043,478 shares (the &#8220;Series B Initial Closing&#8221;) of Series B Preferred Stock to TPG at a purchase price of $1.15 per share, resulting in proceeds, net of $56 in issuance costs, of $15.0&#160;million.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The Series B Purchase Agreement also provided for the sale of 4,347,826 additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock (the &#8220;Series B Milestone Shares&#8221;) to TPG at a purchase price of $1.15 per share upon the Company&#8217;s achievement of specified Milestone Events, as defined in the Series B Purchase Agreement, involving the Company&#8217;s Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of nalbuphine ER in patients with uremic pruritus; its planned Phase 2 clinical trial of nalbuphine ER in patients with pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis; and a pending patent application. In the event the Milestone Events were not achieved, TPG had the right to purchase the Series B Milestone Shares, in full or in part, under the same terms and conditions as the Series B Initial Closing, at a purchase price of $1.15 per share, on or before November&#160;30, 2015.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">In addition, TPG had the right to purchase, on the same terms and conditions as the Series B Initial Closing, including the $1.15 per share purchase price, the lesser of 4,347,826 additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock and the number of shares equal to 25% of the total number of shares it previously purchased for cash under the Series B Purchase Agreement (the &#8220;Additional Series B Shares&#8221;). This additional right was exercisable until the date six months after the completion date of the Company&#8217;s Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of nalbuphine ER in patients with uremic pruritus.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">On October&#160;30, 2014, TPG exercised its rights described above and purchased under an Additional Closing Agreement (the &#8220;Series B Second Closing&#8221;) 8,695,652 additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock at $1.15 per share, which consisted of the Series B Milestone Shares and the Additional Series B Shares. This agreement also provided for the Company to sell 869,565 additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock at $1.15 per share to an existing stockholder. The Series B Second Closing resulted in proceeds, net of $19 in issuance costs, of $11.0&#160;million. The Company recorded this issuance at its fair value of $1.10 per share, totaling $10.5&#160;million, net of financing costs, resulting in a premium on this issuance in the amount of $478, which amount is being accreted into the carrying value of the Series&#160;B Preferred Stock over the Redemption Period. Such accretion totaled $5 for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited), respectively.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">Holders of Series&#160;C Preferred Stock receive a higher liquidation preference than the holders of Series&#160;A Preferred Stock and Series&#160;B Preferred Stock.&#160;<div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">(See Liquidation Preferences note below)</div></div> <div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;"> </div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:94.3438px; text-indent:0%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Issuance of Series C Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock</div></div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">On July&#160;14, 2017, the Company entered into the Series&#160;C Purchase Agreement with TPG and other institutional investors (the &#8220;Series&#160;C Initial Purchasers&#8221;) for the issuance of $50.5&#160;million of its Series&#160;C Preferred Stock. The Series&#160;C Purchase Agreement provided for the Company&#8217;s Series&#160;C Preferred Stock to be issued in two tranches, with the closing of the first tranche on July&#160;14, 2017 (the &#8220;First Tranche Closing&#8221;) and the closing of the second tranche to occur following a determination by the Company&#8217;s board of directors that the Company&#8217;s cash and cash equivalents at such time are not sufficient to fund its operations for a period of three months following such determination (the &#8220;Second Tranche Closing&#8221;). Upon the First Tranche Closing, the Company issued 20,547,946 shares of its Series&#160;C Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $1.46 per share, resulting in proceeds of $29.7&#160;million, net of issuance costs of $291.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">Also party to the Series&#160;C Purchase Agreement are eleven holders of the Company&#8217;s Convertible Notes (together with the Initial Purchasers and the Series&#160;C Additional Purchasers, as defined below, the &#8220;Series&#160;C Investors&#8221;). Concurrently with the First Tranche Closing and pursuant to the Series&#160;C Purchase Agreement, the outstanding principal on the Company&#8217;s Convertible Notes, totaling $10.6&#160;million, and all accrued interest thereon, totaling $564, were automatically converted at the Mandatory Conversion Price of $1.095 per share, and the Company issued 10,181,233 shares of its Series&#160;C Preferred Stock in full settlement of the Convertible Notes.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The Series&#160;C Purchase Agreement provided for a subsequent closing (the &#8220;Special Closing&#8221;), on the same terms and conditions as the First Tranche Closing, including the $1.46 per share purchase price, and on October&#160;11, 2017, the Special Closing occurred, resulting in the issuance to two additional investors (the &#8220;Series&#160;C Additional Purchasers&#8221;) of 101,707 shares of the Company&#8217;s Series&#160;C Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $1.46 per share, resulting in proceeds of $129, net of issuance costs of $19.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">On November&#160;12, 2017, one of the Series&#160;C Additional Purchasers purchased its second tranche shares pursuant to an election under the Series&#160;C Purchase Agreement, resulting in the issuance of 55,621 shares of the Company&#8217;s Series&#160;C Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $1.46 per share, resulting in proceeds of $81.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">On August&#160;28, 2018, the Company amended the Series&#160;C Purchase Agreement to provide that a portion of the shares of Series&#160;C Preferred Stock that would otherwise be issued and sold at the Second Tranche Closing would instead be issued and sold at a third tranche closing (the &#8220;Third Tranche Closing&#8221;), with such closing to occur following a determination by the Company&#8217;s board of directors that the Company&#8217;s cash and cash equivalents at such time are not sufficient to fund its operations for a period of three months following such determination.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">On August&#160;30, 2018, the Company completed the Second Tranche Closing, resulting in the issuance of 7,211,165 shares of the Company&#8217;s Series&#160;C Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $1.46 per share, resulting in proceeds of $10.5&#160;million, net of issuance costs of $32.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">On January&#160;18, 2019, the Company completed the Third Tranche Closing, resulting in the issuance of 6,849,315 shares of the Company&#8217;s Series&#160;C Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $1.46 per share, resulting in proceeds of $10.0&#160;million, net of issuance costs of $37<div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">.&#160;</div>At such time, the Series&#160;C redeemable convertible preferred stock liability of $1.1&#160;million was reclassified as Series&#160;C Preferred Stock.</div> <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"> </div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:94.3438px; text-indent:0%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Series C Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Liability and Changes in Fair Value</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">As discussed above, the Series&#160;C Purchase Agreement provides for the issuance and sale of Series&#160;C Preferred Stock in three separate tranches. The tranches represent a freestanding financial instrument under ASC 480 and require fair value accounting until they are settled. The Company recognizes a liability on its Consolidated Balance Sheet for the obligations under this financial instrument. The Company adjusts this liability to fair value at each reporting date, as applicable, and recognizes any changes in fair value of the Series&#160;C Preferred Stock in its Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of other income (expense) and in net loss. The Company will continue to recognize changes in the fair value of this liability through the closing of the third tranche.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">Accordingly, for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018, the Company recorded the Series&#160;C redeemable convertible preferred stock liability at its fair value of $2.1&#160;million, with a corresponding charge to other income (expense) in the Company&#8217;s Consolidated Statement of Operations. Upon the Second Tranche Closing in August 2018, as described above, $1.0&#160;million was reclassified to Series C Preferred Stock. As a result, at December&#160;31, 2018, the fair value of this liability, relating to the outstanding third tranche, was determined to be $1.1&#160;million and was reclassified to Series C Preferred Stock upon the Third Tranche Closing in January 2019.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">The fair value of the Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock liability has been estimated as the excess, if any, of the fair value per share of the Company&#8217;s Series C Preferred Stock, as described below under&#160;<div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Redemption Rights</div>, over the purchase price of any outstanding tranches that may be sold pursuant to the Series C Purchase Agreement.</div> <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"> </div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">Holders of Series C Preferred Stock receive a higher liquidation preference than the holders of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock.&#160;<div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">(See Liquidation Preferences note below)</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;">As of each balance sheet date presented, redeemable convertible preferred stock consisted of the following (in thousands, except share amounts):</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; background: none;">&#160;</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; 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margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:94.3438px; text-indent:0%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Dividends</div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">Dividends on outstanding shares of Series A, Series B and Series C Preferred Stock accrue at a rate of 6% per annum on their original purchase price of $1.00, $1.15 and $1.46 per share, respectively (the &#8220;Accruing Dividends&#8221;), whether or not declared, and are cumulative. However, Accruing Dividends on the Company&#8217;s outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock are payable only when, as and if declared by the Company&#8217;s board of directors, or upon liquidation, redemption or conversion. No dividends may be paid to the holders of the Company&#8217;s common stock unless equivalent dividends have been declared and paid on the Company&#8217;s outstanding Series A, Series B and Series C Preferred Stock. No dividends have been declared or paid by the Company through March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) or December&#160;31, 2018. Accrued dividends totaled $17.7&#160;million and $16.2&#160;million as of March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) and December&#160;31, 2018, respectively. Such amounts are included in the carrying values of Series A, Series B and Series C Preferred Stock, and in the accumulated deficit on the Company&#8217;s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) and December&#160;31, 2018.</div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:94.3438px; text-indent:0%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Liquidation Preferences</div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or deemed liquidation event, the holders of shares of Series C Preferred Stock then outstanding are entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company that are available for distribution to its stockholders, before any payments are made to the holders of Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock or common stock by reason of their ownership thereof, an amount per share equal to the Series C Preferred Stock original issue price of $1.46 per share, plus any Accruing Dividends accrued but unpaid thereon, whether or not declared, together with any other dividends declared but unpaid thereon. If upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or deemed liquidation event, the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders are insufficient to pay the holders of shares of Series C Preferred Stock the full amount to which they are entitled, the holders of Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the shares of Series C Preferred Stock held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such shares were paid in full.</div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or deemed liquidation event, the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding are entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders after the payment of all preferential amounts required to be paid to the holders of shares of Series C Preferred Stock but before any payment is made to the holders of common stock by reason of their ownership thereof, (i)&#160;an amount per share equal to the Series A original issue price of $1.00 per share in the case of the Series A Preferred Stock, plus any Accruing Dividends accrued but unpaid thereon, whether or not declared, together with any other dividends declared but unpaid thereon, and (ii)&#160;an amount per share equal to the Series B original issue price of $1.15 per share in the case of the Series B Preferred Stock, plus any Accruing Dividends accrued but unpaid thereon, whether or not declared, together with any other dividends declared but unpaid thereon. If upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or deemed liquidation event, the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders are insufficient to pay the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock the full amount to which they are entitled (after the payment in full of all preferential amounts required to be paid to the holders of shares of Series C Preferred Stock), the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in respect of such shares in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the share of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such shares were paid in full.</div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; 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color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:94.3438px; text-indent:0%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Redemption Rights</div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">The Company&#8217;s certificate of incorporation provides that, unless prohibited by Delaware law governing distributions to stockholders, shares of the redeemable convertible preferred stock must be redeemed by the Company in three annual installments commencing not more than 60 days after receipt by the Company, at any time on or after July&#160;14, 2020, of written notice from the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock, voting together as a single class on an&#160;<div style="white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">as-converted</div>&#160;basis, requesting redemption of all shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock (a &#8220;Redemption Request&#8221;).</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">In that event, unless prohibited by Delaware law governing distributions to stockholders, generally in connection with an insolvent corporation, shares of Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, respectively, are redeemed by the Company at a price equal to the greater of (A)&#160;the applicable original issue price per share for such series of redeemable convertible preferred stock, plus any Accruing Dividends accrued but unpaid thereon, whether or not declared, together with any other dividends declared but unpaid thereon, which totaled $20.7&#160;million for Series A Preferred Stock, $33.3&#160;million for Series B Preferred Stock and $70.7&#160;million for Series C Preferred Stock at March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited), and (B)&#160;the fair market value per share of Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock or Series C Preferred Stock, as the case may be, as of the date of the Company&#8217;s receipt of the Redemption Request. For purposes of these redemption rights, the fair market value per share of the Series&#160;A Preferred Stock is the value per share of Series A Preferred Stock as mutually agreed upon by the Company and the holders of 60% of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding, and, in the event that they are unable to reach agreement, by a third-party appraiser agreed to by the Company and the holders of a majority of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding; the fair market value per share of the Series&#160;B Preferred Stock is the value per share of Series B Preferred Stock as mutually agreed upon by the Company and the holders of 60% of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding, and, in the event that they are unable to reach agreement, by a third-party appraiser agreed to by the Company and the holders of a majority of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding; and the fair market value per share of the Series C Preferred Stock is the value per share of Series C Preferred Stock as mutually agreed upon by the Company and the holders of 66 2/3% of the shares of Series C Preferred Stock then outstanding, and, in the event that they are unable to reach agreement, by a third-party appraiser agreed to by the Company and the holders of a majority of the shares of Series C Preferred Stock then outstanding.</div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">As a result of the redemption rights described above, the carrying values of Series A Preferred Stock of $21.2&#160;million and $21.0&#160;million as of March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) and December&#160;31, 2018, respectively, Series B Preferred Stock of $33.9&#160;million and $33.7&#160;million as of March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) and December&#160;31, 2018, respectively, and Series C Preferred Stock of $73.0&#160;million and $61.0&#160;million as of March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) and December&#160;31, 2018, respectively, have been classified as temporary equity, and are presented between liabilities and stockholders&#8217; equity on the Company&#8217;s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in accordance with ASC&#160;480. The Company will accrete the carrying value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock up to the expected redemption value over the estimated Redemption Period.<div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">&#160;</div>The accretion will include cumulative unpaid and undeclared Accruing Dividends as well as additional increases, if any, when the fair value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock exceeds the liquidation value at any point during the Redemption Period. As a result of the shortfall of the fair value of the Series&#160;A Preferred Stock as compared to its liquidation value as of March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited), the Company adjusted accretion recorded in previous periods by $0.1&#160;million in the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited). As a result of the shortfall of the fair value of the Series&#160;B Preferred Stock as compared to its liquidation value as of March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited), the Company adjusted accretion recorded in previous periods $0.2&#160;million in the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited). At March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited), as a result of the shortfall of fair value of the Series&#160;C preferred stock as compared to its liquidation value, the Company reversed accretion previously recorded in 2018 by $0.1&#160;million. As a result of the excess of the fair value of the Series&#160;C Preferred Stock as compared to its liquidation value as of March&#160;31, 2018, the Company recorded accretion of $0.1&#160;million.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">At March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited), the fair value of the Company&#8217;s Series A Preferred Stock, Series&#160;B Preferred Stock and Series&#160;C Preferred Stock was determined utilizing a probability-weighted modeling approach that included both IPO and&#160;non-IPO&#160;based scenarios. The&#160;non-IPO&#160;based scenarios included the fair value estimates of the Company&#8217;s common stock, before marketability discount, of $0.37, and each issue of its redeemable convertible preferred stock of: $0.82 for its Series&#160;A Preferred Stock; $0.86 for its Series&#160;B Preferred Stock; and $1.44 for its Series&#160;C Preferred Stock, each calculated at December&#160;31, 2018 as described below, as there were no clinical development milestones either achieved or not achieved during the period, and it was deemed that the Company&#8217;s total equity value had not changed to any significant degree though the March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) measurement date. Additional significant inputs utilized for the&#160;non-IPO&#160;based scenario was a probability factor of 50% and a marketability discount of 20% applied in arriving at the fair value of the common stock. The&#160;IPO-based&#160;scenario utilized an expected&#160;pre-money&#160;valuation upon IPO; cost of equity estimate of 15%; estimated time to IPO date of 0.12&#160;years; and probability factor of 50%.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">At December&#160;31, 2017, the fair value of the Company&#8217;s Series&#160;A Preferred Stock, Series&#160;B Preferred Stock and Series&#160;C Preferred Stock was determined utilizing the OPM; whereby each class of stock is modeled as a call option with a unique claim on the assets of the Company. Stock characteristics that were incorporated directly into the option valuation model include liquidation preferences, participation features, convertibility features and ratios, and value-sharing between classes of stock. The Company&#8217;s equity value was estimated by employing a back-solving approach to determine its implied equity value at December&#160;31, 2017 based on the initial closing of the Series&#160;C Preferred Stock financing completed in July 2017. A Black-Scholes options pricing approach was utilized under the OPM to determine the fair value of each security, with significant inputs including a $1.44 fair value of the Series&#160;C Preferred Stock, a risk-free rate of 1.95%, volatility of 78.0% and a probability-weighted estimate of time to liquidity event of 2.71&#160;years.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">Financing costs of approximately $166 that were netted against the proceeds from the 2013 and 2012 Series&#160;A Preferred Stock financings are being accreted to Series&#160;A Preferred Stock over the period from their respective issuance dates to the earliest redemption date of July&#160;14, 2020. The Company recorded $1 in accretion for financing costs for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited ), respectively, with such amounts included in accumulated deficit. In addition, the investor rights/obligation that was allocated from proceeds from the Series&#160;A Preferred Stock financings of $2.8&#160;million, less $520 representing its fair value on the date of its exercise as noted above, is being accreted over the Redemption Period. The Company recorded $14 in accretion of investor rights/obligation in the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited), respectively, with such amounts included in accumulated deficit.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">Financing costs of approximately $76 that were netted against the proceeds from the 2014 Series&#160;B Preferred Stock financings are being accreted to Series&#160;B Preferred Stock over the period from their respective issuance dates to the earliest redemption date of July&#160;14, 2020. The Company recorded $1 and $3 in accretion for financing costs in the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) and the year ended December&#160;31, 2018, respectively, with such amounts included in accumulated deficit. In addition, the investor rights/obligation that was allocated from proceeds from the Series&#160;B Preferred Stock financings of $2.0&#160;million is being accreted over the remaining Redemption Period discussed above. The Company recorded $19 and $20 in accretion of Series&#160;B Preferred Stock investor rights/obligation in the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited), respectively, with such amounts included in accumulated deficit.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">Financing costs of approximately $379 that were netted against the proceeds from the 2017, 2018 and 2019 Series&#160;C Preferred Stock financings are being accreted to Series&#160;C Preferred Stock over the period from their respective issuance dates to the earliest redemption date of July&#160;14, 2020. 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If the agreement is terminated under certain specified circumstances, the Company will be deemed to have granted Endo a perpetual, royalty-free (except for pass-through payments to third parties), worldwide, exclusive, sublicensable license, under any improvements the Company made to the licensed&#160;<div style="white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">know-how,</div>&#160;and any related patent rights the Company has, to manufacture and commercialize the licensed products.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:94.3438px; text-indent:0%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;"><div style="font-style:italic;display:inline;;font-style:italic;display:inline;">Exclusive License Agreement with Rutgers</div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">On November&#160;6, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (&#8220;Rutgers&#8221;) for an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license under certain patent rights controlled by Rutgers and for a&#160;<div style="white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">non-exclusive,</div>&#160;worldwide, sublicensable license under certain&#160;<div style="white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">know-how</div>&#160;controlled by Rutgers, in each case to develop and commercialize products incorporating nalbuphine for any human or animal use.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">Upon entering into the license agreement, the Company paid Rutgers a minimal upfront license issue fee, which was recorded as R&amp;D expense in 2018 and agreed to pay Rutgers a minimal annual license fee. 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The royalty is subject to reduction in certain circumstances.</div></div> <table border="0" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td></td></tr></table> <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 12pt;"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;"><div style="font-weight:bold;display:inline;">13.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Commitments and Contingencies</div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 5%; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">A significant portion of the Company&#8217;s development activities are outsourced to third parties under agreements, including with CROs, and contract manufacturers in connection with the production of clinical trial materials. 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margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. (&#8220;Trevi&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of nalbuphine ER to treat serious neurologically mediated conditions. The Company is currently developing nalbuphine ER for the treatment of chronic pruritus, chronic cough in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (&#8220;IPF&#8221;), and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (&#8220;LID&#8221;), in patients with Parkinson&#8217;s disease. These conditions share a common pathophysiology that is mediated through opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Due to nalbuphine&#8217;s mechanism of action as a modulator of opioid receptors, the Company believes nalbuphine ER has the potential to be effective in treating each of these conditions.</div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">Nalbuphine ER is an oral extended release formulation of nalbuphine. Nalbuphine is a mixed&#160;<div style="font-family: symbol; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">k</div>-opioid receptor agonist and &#181;-opioid receptor antagonist that has been approved and marketed as an injectable for pain indications for more than 20 years in both the United States and Europe. The&#160;<div style="font-family: symbol; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">k</div>- and &#181;-opioid receptors are known to be critical mediators of itch, cough and certain movement disorders. Nalbuphine&#8217;s mechanism of action also mitigates the risk of abuse associated with &#181;-opioid agonists because it antagonizes, or blocks, the &#181;-opioid receptor. Nalbuphine is currently the only opioid approved for marketing that is not classified as a controlled substance in the United States or Europe.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">On April&#160;22, 2019, the Company filed an amendment to the Company&#8217;s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a&#160;<div style="white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">one-for</div>&#160;9.5 reverse stock split of the Company&#8217;s common stock, which resulted in a proportional adjustment to the existing conversion ratios for each series of the Company&#8217;s redeemable convertible preferred stock. Accordingly, all share and per share amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted, where applicable, to reflect the effect of the reverse stock split and adjustments of the redeemable convertible preferred stock conversion for all periods presented.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">On May&#160;9, 2019, the Company completed its initial public offering (&#8220;IPO&#8221;) and a concurrent private placement in which it issued and sold an aggregate of 7,000,000 shares of common stock at an offering price of $10.00 per share, for net proceeds of approximately $62.6&#160;million, after deducting aggregate underwriting discounts and commissions and private placement agent fees of $4.9&#160;million and estimated expenses of approximately $2.5&#160;million. The Company&#8217;s common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Global Market on May&#160;7, 2019 under the ticker symbol &#8220;TRVI.&#8221;</div></div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%">Upon the closing of the IPO, the Company&#8217;s outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock automatically converted into shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock. Upon such conversion of the redeemable convertible preferred stock, the Company reclassified the carrying values of the redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock and additional&#160;<div style="white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">paid-in</div>&#160;capital.</div><div style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:'times new roman'; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:5%"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; top: 0px;;display:inline;">The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. Since inception, the Company has financed its operations primarily through private placements of its redeemable convertible preferred stock and convertible notes as well as borrowings under a term loan facility, and most recently, with proceeds from the IPO and concurrent private placement completed in May 2019. The Company has incurred recurring losses since inception, including net losses attributable to the Company of $4.8&#160;million for the three months ended March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited) and $20.5&#160;million for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018. In addition, as of March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited), the Company had an accumulated deficit of $115.5&#160;million. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. As of June&#160;13, 2019, the issuance date of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company expects that its cash and cash equivalents of $12.9&#160;million as of March&#160;31, 2019 (unaudited), together with the $62.6&#160;million in net proceeds from the IPO and concurrent private placement, will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.</div></div><table border="0" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td></td></tr></table> 1.44 0.0195 0.780 P2Y8M15D xbrli:shares iso4217:USD utr:sqft xbrli:pure iso4217:USD xbrli:shares trvi:Number The balance at January 1, 2018 relates to the obligation for the loan success fee. The net settlements in the three months ended March 31, 2019 (unaudited) relate to the $1,096 fair value of the Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock liability at the time the third tranche of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock shares was issued. The net settlements in 2018 relate to the $1,009 fair value of the Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock liability at the time the second tranche of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock shares was issued.